Understanding window types and styles

This article is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional advice. Local codes, regulations, and best practices vary by region.

Windows come in different types, and the type determines how they operate and how well they function. A double-hung window works differently than a casement window, which operates differently than a picture window. Understanding window types helps you choose windows that fit your needs, operate smoothly, and provide the views and ventilation you want.

Double-Hung Windows

A double-hung window has two sashes that slide vertically. The upper sash and lower sash both move. You raise the lower sash to open from the bottom, or lower the upper sash to open from the top. Both can be open simultaneously, providing ventilation from top and bottom.

Double-hung windows are traditional and common in older homes. They’re versatile and functional. Both sashes open, providing flexible ventilation. They’re easy to clean if the sashes tilt inward (which most modern double-hung windows do).

Double-hung windows use counterbalance springs or weights to hold the sash in position. The mechanism is straightforward and reliable.

Double-hung windows cost $200 to $400 per window depending on size and quality.

Casement Windows

A casement window is a single sash that swings open like a door, hinged on one side. You open a casement window with a crank mechanism that swings the entire sash outward.

Casement windows provide excellent ventilation. The entire sash opens to the side, creating a large opening. They’re energy-efficient because they seal tightly when closed. The crank mechanism pulls the sash firmly into the frame, creating an excellent seal.

Casement windows are popular in contemporary homes. They’re more expensive than double-hung windows because of the crank mechanism.

Casement windows cost $250 to $500 per window depending on size and quality.

Slider Windows

A slider window has a sash that slides horizontally. The entire sash moves left and right (or sometimes opens from both sides, with both sashes moving).

Slider windows are simple and affordable. They operate smoothly. They don’t swing outward, so they fit well in spaces where a window swing would be impractical (like over a sink or near a door).

Slider windows have tracks that require occasional cleaning for smooth operation.

Slider windows cost $150 to $350 per window depending on size and quality.

Picture Windows

A picture window is fixed and doesn’t open. It’s large and provides an unobstructed view. Picture windows are used where ventilation isn’t necessary and view is the priority.

Picture windows are simple and affordable. They seal effectively because there’s no moving sash. They provide maximum light and view.

The tradeoff is no ventilation. You need operable windows elsewhere in the space for ventilation.

Picture windows cost $150 to $300 per window depending on size.

Awning and Hopper Windows

An awning window is hinged at the top and swings outward. It looks like a small door that opens upward. Awning windows are often used in basements or high on walls where ventilation is needed but floor space isn’t available.

A hopper window is hinged at the bottom and swings inward. It’s less common than awning windows.

Both types provide ventilation in confined spaces. The tradeoff is they have limited opening area and the crank mechanism is simpler than casement windows.

Awning and hopper windows cost $200 to $400 per window.

Bay and Bow Windows

A bay window is a projection of the wall that extends outward. It typically consists of three windows (a large center picture window with angled side windows). Bay windows create interior space and provide views in multiple directions.

A bow window is similar but has a curved shape instead of angular. Bow windows are more elegant than bay windows but more complex to manufacture.

Bay and bow windows are expensive because they’re complex structures. They cost $600 to $2000 or more depending on size and quality.

Combination and Replacement Windows

Some windows combine types. For example, a window might have a fixed upper sash and an operable lower sash. This provides some ventilation while maintaining a cleaner appearance.

Replacement windows are pre-assembled units that fit into existing frames. Replacement windows are simpler and less expensive than full window replacements that require removing the entire frame.

Window Operation and Function

Some windows are fixed (don’t open). These are used where view is the priority and ventilation comes from other windows.

Some windows are manually operated (you push, pull, or crank to open them). Manual windows are affordable and require no power or motors.

Some windows are motorized. Motors open and close windows automatically. Motorized windows are expensive and mostly used in commercial buildings or high-end residential applications.

Most residential windows are manually operated.

Ventilation Considerations

Ventilation needs vary by room. Bedrooms typically benefit from operable windows. Bathrooms need ventilation for moisture (which usually comes from exhaust fans, but windows help). Kitchens benefit from operable windows. Basements are often ventilated with small operable windows.

Living rooms and bedrooms often use double-hung or casement windows because they provide good ventilation. Kitchens often use slider windows because they fit over sinks. Bathrooms often use small casement or awning windows.

Energy Efficiency

Window type affects energy efficiency. A well-sealed casement window is more energy-efficient than a double-hung window of similar quality because the crank mechanism pulls the sash firmly into the frame.

However, all modern windows with double-pane insulated glass and quality seals are reasonably energy-efficient. The difference between types is less important than having quality, well-sealed windows.

View and Light

Picture windows and bay windows maximize light and view.

Double-hung and slider windows provide light and view but have mullions (the frames between panes) that divide the view.

The choice between types depends on your priorities. If view is most important, choose types that minimize mullions. If ventilation is important, choose operable window types.

Maintenance

Double-hung windows are easy to maintain. Both sashes tilt inward on most modern double-hung windows, making the exterior accessible for cleaning.

Casement windows open fully, making the exterior accessible.

Slider windows are accessible on the interior side, but the exterior requires external access.

All window types require occasional cleaning of tracks, weatherstripping inspection, and lubrication of moving parts.

The Reality

Different window types serve different purposes. Double-hung windows are versatile and traditional. Casement windows are energy-efficient and provide excellent ventilation. Slider windows are simple and affordable. Picture windows maximize light and view. Choose window types based on your needs for ventilation, view, maintenance tolerance, and aesthetic preference.

© The Whole Home Guide